Albatros D.I

The German Fokker E-1 paved the way for more advanced fighters during WWI. the Fokker company produced more of the E series, continuing the synchronized machine gun with the propeller. However the Allied forces had built the Airco D.H.2 and the Nieuport 11 which proved to be superior to the E series in combat. As a response, the Germans employed the Albatros D1. This plane had a different design, consisting of a single shell around minimal interior structure. This lightened the load, and increased the effectiveness of the aerodynamic surfaces. The D1 was not as good in manuvering, but had superior fire power and speed (110 mph ) giving it superiority over the planes of the allied forces.
Specifications (from wikipedia)

• Crew: one pilot
• Length: 7.40 m (23 ft 3.5 in)
• Wingspan: 8.50 m (27 ft 11 in)
• Height: 2.95 m (9 ft 8 in)
• Wing area: 22.9 m² (247 ft²)
• Empty weight: 645 kg (1,422 lb)
• Gross weight: 898 kg (1,809 lb)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 175 km/h (110 mph)
• Endurance: 1.5 hours
• Service ceiling: 3,000 m (9,840 ft)
• Rate of climb: 2.8 m/s (547 ft/min)

Armament

• 2 × forward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine guns

Fokker E-1

Airplanes, previously viewed as "toys", gained new meaning during WWI. A battle was found to be more effective with a reconnaissance mission carried out by a scout plane, though due to the weight that the early airplanes could handle, bombs were not much of an option until planes that could handle larger loads were built. One of the first true armed aircraft, meant for aerial combat was built by the Germans, the Fokker E-1. It was the first plane to mount the machine gun on the front of the aircraft, positioned behind the propeller. It synchronized the firing of the gun with the rotation of the propeller.

The Fokker E-1 was designed to roll using wing warping via acables attached to the wing. The plane was built of welded steel tubes, covered in fabric. It had a single machine gun, a 7.92 mm Parabellum LMG 14 or Spandau LMG 08 machine gun, affixed to the front of the aircraft, behind the propeller. It was employed to the Fliegertruppe of the German Army.

The Fokker E-1 was an important stepping stone in the development of fighters. More advanced fighters were developed and used by many countries during WWI.

Specifications (from Wikipedia)

Fokker E-1

• Crew: one, pilot

• Length: 7.22 m (23 ft 7 in)

• Wingspan: 8.85 m (29 ft 0 in)

• Height: 2.9 m (9 ft 5½ in)

• Wing area: 15.9 m² (172.2 ft²)

• Empty weight: 360 kg (789 lb)

• Loaded weight: 563 kg (1,241 lb)

• Powerplant: 1× Oberursel U.0 7-cylinder air-cooled rotary engine (clone of Gnôme Lambda engine) using various makes of 2-blade propellers, from 2.3 to 2.5 meters (7.55 to 8.20 ft) diameter, 80 hp (60 kW)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 130 km/h (81 mph)

• Range: 198 km at 110 km/h (123 mi at 68 mph)

• Service ceiling: 3,000 m (9,840 ft)

• Rate of climb: 20 min to 2,000 m (6,560 ft)

Armament

• 1 × forward-firing 7.92 mm (.312 in) Spandau lMG 08 machine gun (one Parabellum MG14 M/G on prototypes

Sincerely, Space Cadet

New Changes for the space program

In 2010 President Barack Obama announced new goals for the American Space Program. These change how we, as Americans, will dominate space, and also where our money goes. Some of these new goals will improve the space program, whereas others may be have a devastating effect on the American Space Program.
One of the most controversial changes to the space program was the cancellation of the Constellation program (CxP). According to three Apollo Astronauts,Neil Armstrong, James Lovell and Eugene Cernan, this “decision to cancel the Constellation program, its Ares 1 and Ares V rockets, and the Orion spacecraft, is devastating.”1 The constellation program was designed to keep an American foothold in the frontier of space, to return to the moon and possibly mars. However, President Obama said the program is "behind schedule, and lacking in innovation"2. The cancellation of the CxP has a lot of political implications because we have to rely on the International Space Station (ISS). The ISS is a result of international partnership with other nations, particularly Russia. According to the agreement we made with the Soviet Nation we have to pay a fee to Russia for the seat in space.
Not all changes to the space program are negative. One positive change will be the use of private industry for crew and cargo services to the International Space Station. In 2004 Astronaut Mike Melville successfully flew Space Ship one into space. Not only did he win the X-prize, but launched a new age of space travel- Private Investors. Companies such as Space-X are now entering the field of space. Now, with access to the ISS, Private Companies are taking another step into this frontier. I believe this is a positive investment. Through these companies America may still keep their name in Space.
The President is also putting a new focus onto Green Aviation. NASA researchers have recently, as of September 21st, resumed working on the X-48b. This has a Blended wing body designed specifically for that purpose. The Blended Wing Body is a plane design, where the entire plane is a lifting surface. This design is less noisy and more fuel efficient than it's predecessor, the tube design. This plane is controlled by a pilot on the ground, via cameras in the front, The design will be integrated into future airliners.
Also included in the new plan is a new focus on robotic space exploration. This program will send a series of robotic missions to explore the solar system. These robots will pave the way for future manned spaceflight. However, with the cancellation of the CxP, it will take much longer, and will take more money, to get us on other planets.
NASA will be putting a new focus on education, through the STEM Program. STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics. Through STEM, NASA will educate students of all ages, and teachers. Some of these students may become NASA's future, working to keep the American Space Program alive.
The new changes to NASA's goals will change the future of the american space program. Some changes are positive. Our Nation will have “quieter, cleaner, and more fuel-efficient airplanes for the future.”3 because of new technology being developed. Students are being educated through STEM to help keep our space program alive. Private Space companies will keep us in space. However some changes are for the worse, such as the cancellation of the Constellation Program. This “devastating” blow to NASA will be a backwards step in our foothold in the space frontier.
Quotes:
1 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/36470363
2 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/8489097.stm
3 http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/status_reports/X-48B_status_09_21_10.html
Sources:
http://newfrontiersblog.blogspot.com/search/label/constellation
sincerely, space cadet

Blended wing Bodies- the plane of the future

Research in the fields of Aerodynamics has increased our knowledge of flight and how to design better wing surfaces. This Knowledge is being put into action by the NASA Engineers. The engineers integrated a Blended wing Body in their design, successfully creating the X-48b, a step forward in creating "quieter, cleaner, and more fuel-efficient airplanes for the future"(NASA)

The Blended Wing Design means that the entire plane is a lifting surface, not just the wings.

This design has several advantages. The design is less noisy, so people will not be as bothered living in a house by an airport. It has better lift and uses less fuel, which may decrease the price on your plane ticket.I

However, there is no such thing as a free lunch. Disadvantages come in the package. Because of the positioning of the cargo, which creates less flight stability than the tube design. The tube design is more structurally sound than the x-48b. Also windows are not available, due to the entire plae being a wing.

Despite these disadvantages, this plane could be the aircraft of the future. As this experimental plane is unmanned, being remote controlled by a pilot on the ground, it's design will be incorporated into airliners in the near future.

Sincerely, Space Cadet

Railguns

Railguns are a topic that have been included in countless Sci-Fi media. The American Department of the Navy has been working to make this idea a reality.
What is a Railgun? It is a "Weapon, consisting mainly of conducting metal rails, that uses electromagnetic force to accelerate a projectile to a much greater speed than achieved"
It was idealized as the "perfect weapon". Using electromagnetic propulsion would eliminate the need for ammunition, thereby making a much safer ship to sail on. Making it a reality was much harder than expected. The projectile moved so fast that the friction melted the gun. Once they fixed that problem, the projectile vaporized when it entered the atmosphere. Also they had to solve the problem of power. The Navy is designing a new battleship so that the power will be derived from the main engine.
Dec 10, 2010 the NAVY succesfully launched the projectile through the railgun at Naval Surface Warfare Center Dahlgren Division. At launch the projectile had 33 Megajoules- 1 Megajoule is the equivalent of a 1-ton ar traveling a 100 mph. It demolished the target at impact an set the guinness world record for most energy upon launch. Much more than had been achieved by ammunition.
Sincerely, Space Cadet

Aerospace Power: Defending our country

America's Aerospace power has made available advanced defense systems which we use today. During the Cold War we developed a system of satellites called the Defense Support Program (DSP) to spot ballistic missiles from space.

The first DSP Satellite was launched from Cape Canveral in 19 70. It tracked missiles using infrared sensors to sense the heat emitted when it launched and sent that data to hidden command centers, such as NORAD.

Now we are currently developing more advanced systems to help defend our country. A System that has currently undergone some tests is the “Space-Based Infrared System” (SBIR). This system is designed to replace the DSP. It has advanced features expanded capabilities for intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR)missions.

Sincerely,

Space Cadet

Bottle Rockets and Newton's Laws

“Elephant Toothpaste” Bottle Rocket

This bottle rocket demonstrates the three laws that Isaac Newton discovered. If you use non-toxic soap, the foam that is produced is perfectly safe, as it is just bubbles filled with oxygen.

Warning: Lean back when launching, or you will be drenched in foam!

Supplies:

• Yeast

• Hydrogen Peroxide (3%)

• Dish Soap

• Water Bottle, small mouth

• Cork

• Scrap wood

• Nail

• Duct Tape (if necessary)

• Funnel

1. Launching Pad:

Take a Cork and test-fit it in the mouth of the water bottle. If it is too small, wrap duct-tape around it until it fits perfectly. Nail the bottom of the cork to a long piece of scrap wood. This is your launching platform.

2. Yeast:

Measure 1 Packet (1 Tbs) of Yeast into a cup. Add 3 Tbs of warm water, and stir thoroughly. This will act as a catalyst to speed up the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. Set aside.

3. Bottle Rocket:

Using the funnel, pour 1 tbs of Dish Soap into the water bottle. Then pour ½ cup of Hydrogen Peroxide into the bottle.

4. Blastoff!:

Take the bottle, with soap/peroxide solution inside and put a funnel in it. This part of the experiment must be done as quickly as possible. Pour the yeast/water mixture into the funnel, and quickly take the funnel out, take the cork, attached to the launch stand and plug the bottle. Flip the launch stand over and stand back, or else you will be covered with foam. The rocket will shoot high, streaming out foam behind it.

What Happened?

The yest acted as a catalyst and separated the oxygen from the hydrogen peroxide. This oxygen bubbled up as a gas, and was encapsulated by the soap creating millions of tiny bubbles. This foam expanded fast. This foam pressurized the inside of the bottle, until it shot off the cork and propelled the rocket in the sky.

How does this apply to Newton's laws?

The Rocket was in a state of rest, but when a force acts upon the rocket (the propellant), the rocket is now in a state of motion (Newton's law #1). How much force is put in the rocket determines how high it goes. The force depends upon the mass(weight) of the rocket and how much it is accelerating (Newton's Law #2). Because the propellant pushed downward, the rocket shot upwards, with the same amount of Force pushing downwards (Newton's law #3)

Enjoy!, Space Cadet